Outcomes related to burn-related child abuse: a case series

Nationally, approximately 10% of child abuse cases involve burning, and up to 20% of pediatric burn admissions involve abuse or neglect. Historically, these cases have been more difficult to prosecute than nonburn cases for multiple reasons. Between 1995 and 1999, there were 285 pediatric (under 18) patients admitted to the Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center. Of these cases, 18 of the alleged perpetrators were legally investigated for suspicion of child abuse, and 7 received punitive sentences. We found that men tended to be prosecuted and convicted more often than women and that cases involving multiple instances of injury tended to be prosecuted more frequently. Similarly, we found that cases involving more severe injuries tended to be prosecuted more successfully. There are many psychological and social factors involved in handling burn abuse cases. However, by successful prosecution of these crimes, victims tend to fare better both socially and psychologically.     

A generalized equation for the prediction of melting temperatures of homopolymers and copolymers

A generalized equation was derived to calculate the melting temperatures of homopolymers and copolymers. The Gibbs‐Thomson equation for homopolymers and a modified application to copolymers were derived using the proposed equation. The melting temperature T_m⁰ in the Flory equation corresponds to the melting temperature T_m^C,∞ of copolymer crystals with stems of infinite length. Also, T_m^C,n*, the melting temperature for copolymer crystals with stems containing the maximum possible number of structural units, n*, should be used instead of T_m⁰ as the basis of supercooling in crystallization. The proposed equation shows good agreement with experimental data for α‐alkene‐ethylene homogeneous copolymers.     

Effect of nabumetone on hemostasis during arthroscopic knee surgery

The known effects of commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on hemostatic parameters have led to concern over their use in the perioperative period. Nabumetone, unlike other NSAIDs, has little effect on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. To evaluate the effect of nabumetone 2000 mg daily on other hemostatic parameters (e.g., bleeding time, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time) in the clinical setting, this double-masked study was conducted in patients with osteoarthritis undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. After a 1-week placebo washout period, 58 patients were randomized to receive nabumetone and 53 were randomized to receive placebo. They were assessed before surgery (after 1 to 2 weeks of treatment) and again after surgery (after an additional 3 weeks of treatment). The study was designed to have 90% power to show equivalence in bleeding time to within 1.5 minutes, a difference assumed to be of no clinical importance. No meaningful differences were observed between the groups in any of the measured hemostatic parameters. Before surgery, the bleeding time increased by only 0.3 minutes with nabumetone and decreased by 0.2 minutes with placebo. The mean (+/- SD) difference between the groups in change from baseline was 0.5 +/- 0.3 minutes. After surgery, the changes were 0.1 minutes and 0.0 minutes, respectively, and the difference between groups was 0.2 +/- 0.3 minutes. These differences were neither statistically nor clinically significant, and maximum individual increases were similar in each group. Furthermore, there were no reports of abnormal bleeding in the operative knees. The results of this study show that nabumetone had little or no effect on hemostasis and suggest that this drug can be used safely in the perioperative period.     

Alagille syndrome: family studies

Alagille syndrome (AGS) is one of the major forms of chronic liver disease in childhood with severe morbidity and a mortality of 10 to 20%. It is characterised by cholestasis of variable severity with paucity of interlobular bile ducts and anomalies of the cardiovascular system, skeleton, eyes, and face. Previous studies suggest a wide variation in the expression of the disease and a high incidence of new mutations. To determine more accurately the rate of new mutations and to develop criteria for detecting the disorder in parents we systematically investigated parents in 14 families with an affected child. Clinical examination was supplemented by liver function tests, echocardiography, radiographic examination of the spine and forearm, ophthalmological assessment, and chromosome analysis. Six parents had typical anomalies in two or more systems pointing to the presence of autosomal dominant inheritance. Systematic screening of parents for the features defined in this study should improve the accuracy of genetic counselling.     

Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone on growth, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites in beef heifers

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term administration of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor analog (GRFa) and(or) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites in beef heifers. Crossbred heifers (n = 48; 345.9 +/- 2.8 kg) were divided into four equal groups: control (vehicle), 1 microgram of GRFa (human GRF 1-29 analog).kg BW-1.d-1, 1 microgram of TRH.kg BW-1.d-1, or GRFa + TRH. Daily s.c. injections continued for 86 d. Blood samples were collected from half of the heifers after injection on d 1, 36, and 78. On d 89, all heifers were slaughtered. Treatments did not affect (P > .05) ADG but GRFa + TRH decreased (P < .05) ADFI relative to all other treatments. Feed conversion efficiency tended (P < .10) to be improved in the groups given GRFa alone or TRH alone. Treatment with GRFa and(or) TRH did not affect carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation score, backfat thickness, or weights of liver, kidneys, pituitary, and ovaries. The GRFa + TRH treatment reduced (P < .05) fat score and increased (P < .05) longissimus muscle area relative to other treatments. The GRFa treatments reduced (P < .05) the weight and fat percentage of the mammary gland and increased (P < .05) heart weight. Treatment with TRH alone failed to stimulate GH on d 1, 36, and 78. Treatment with GRFa alone increased (P < .05) GH above controls on d 36, whereas GRFa + TRH increased (P < .05) GH on d 1, 36, and 78. Treatment with GRFa alone increased (P < .05) IGF-I only on d 1, whereas GRFa + TRH was without effect on all days. Across sampling days, treatments had little effect on blood concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine, nonesterified fatty acids, urea nitrogen, and glucose. The GRFa alone and GRFa + TRH decreased (P < .05) and TRH alone increased (P < .05) thyroxine concentrations. In conclusion, with the dose and administration regimen used, GRFa and(or) TRH yielded small but positive improvements in animal performance.     

Contributions of empirical research to medical ethics

Empirical research pertaining to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), clinician behaviors related to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and substituted judgment suggests potential contributions to medical ethics. Research quantifying the likelihood of surviving CPR points to the need for further philosophical analysis of the limitations of the patient autonomy in decision making, the nature and definition of medical futility, and the relationship between futility and professional standards. Research on DNR orders has identified barriers to the goal of patient involvement in these life and death discussions. The initial data on surrogate decision making also points to the need for a reexamination of the moral basis for substituted judgment, the moral authority of proxy decision making and the second-order status of the best interests standard. These examples of empirical research suggest that an interplay between empirical research, ethical analysis and policy development may represent a new form of interdisciplinary scholarship to improve clinical medicine.